COURAGE

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The German Research Foundation (DFG) developed from the fusion of the Emergency Association of German Science (Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft) and the German Science Council (Deutscher Forschungsrat) in 1951. The Emergency Association had already been founded in 1920 by a coalition of academies, universities and science associations to "avert the danger of a complete collapse of the German scientific research". This was a risk after the first world war because the research facilities lacked funding and personnel. In 1990 the DFG extended its funding to the entire territory of the reunified Germany.

The DFG funds projects at universities and other research facilities. It sets impulses for international cooperations and supports the younger generation of scientists and equality. Additionally, it advises parliament and authorities on scientific questions.


The DFG is a private association whose members are German universities, non-university research facilities, science associations and the Academy of Science. It is mainly financed by the German state and the Länder but also receives EU-subsidies and private support.

The Government of Bulgaria is headed by the Council of Ministers as the main executive authority of the Republic of Bulgaria. It is led by the Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Additionally, it includes his/her deputies and specialized ministers, occasionally also ministers without portfolio. Its seat is in Sofia.

The government of Bulgaria is a main sponsor and organizer of museums, collections, and archives that collect, maintain and present the cultural and historical legacy of Bulgaria, also that from the communist period. The main ministry responsible for these activities is the Ministry of Culture. The government, through the Ministry of Education and Science, plays also an extraordinarily important role in the organization and funding of research. The government is the supreme authority of the State Agency "Archives", which organizes the system of state archives in the country.

Public institutions, under the (direct or indirect) authority of the government, have been essential also in collecting materials about cultural opposition during state socialism (e.g. the National Library in Sofia, the Commission of Dossiers in Sofia, or the State Archives), presenting and researching them.