COURAGE

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Makavejev is one of the founders of the Black Wave, a movement of Yugoslav cinematography. His movies criticize the rotten nature of society, from both communist and capitalist influence. As a supporter of the psychologist Wilhelm Reich, Makavejev often composes his studies into his films. His film Misterije organizma [Mysteries of Organism] (1971) pays homage to Reich'srevolutionary-psychology, never widely recognized.Though the film was banned in Yugoslavia soon after its premiere it was screened again a decade later, in the 1980s.

Makavejev has been the editor of magazines including Student, Književne novine, and Danas. He has also written film reviews and articles on social for many publications, including Polja. In 1958, he published a scenario,“for Godless ballet with pantomime,” as he called it,under the title “Hardboiled Hearts”(Polja, Issue 34, 1958),  as a satirical comment on the cultural situation in Yugoslavia. In his later texts, such as “A Bit of Man-eater, A Bit of Philistine”" (Polja, Issue 45, April 1960), and “Young Intellectual Today” (Polja, Issue 49/50, December 1960), Makavejev uses satire to critique Yugoslav society, especially its youth.

Makavejev emigrated to the United States in the early 1970s, where he lectured at Harvard University. He then returned to Serbia and currently lives in Belgrade.

Kazimir Malevich (b. 1879 in Kyiv and d. 1935 in Leningrad) is a leading member of the “Russian” avant-garde. Malevich was born to Polish parents in Kyiv, living in villages in the Ukrainian countryside until the age of 17. Art historians argue that Malevich’s early life had a deep impression on his work, his use of vibrant colors and his engagement with primitivism being two of the clearest examples. One of the pioneers of abstract art, Malevich was a central figure in a succession of avant-garde movements during the period of the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and immediately after. The style of severe geometric abstraction with which he is most closely associated, suprematism, was a leading force in the development of constructivism, the repercussions of which continued to be felt throughout the 20th century. Under increasing pressure from the authorities in Leningrad, Malevich traveled abroad, after the government closed the Leningrad GINK-hUK (State Institute of Artistic Culture) the year before. He participated in several exhibitions in Berlin and Warsaw in 1927 and sought for a way to remain abroad outside the reach of the increasingly conservative Soviet leadership. The Polish authorities denied him refugee status, believing him to be a true Bolshevik, even though his work was being suppressed along with that of other avant-garde artists. A group of Ukrainian officials and artists in Kyiv came to Malevich's aid, among them Ivan Vrona, who offered Malevich a teaching post at the Kyiv Art Institute, where the former served as rector. Malevich’s work was suppressed by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s and remained little known during the following two decades. The reassessment of his reputation in the West from the mid-1950s was matched by the renewed influence of his work on the paintings of Ad Reinhardt and on developments such as Zero, Hard-edge painting and Minimalism. 

István Malgot (1941-) is a sculptor, puppeteer, and director. He is a founding member of the Orfeo group.

In 1964, he began his studies at the University of Fine Arts. Two years later, he got in touch with young undergraduates, who were enthusiastic about Maoism and were grouped around György Pór. They criticized the Hungarian communist system and contended that reform was necessary and inevitable. In the so-called Maoist trial, Malgot was given a suspended sentence, but the case was a warning to him.

Sculpture was not the most important field in his activity. He directed theatre performances for decades. He often used masks and puppets, and he combined their visual effects with the human body. In 1969, he founded Orfeo at the university with others. Orfeo was based not only on artistic activity but also on the criticism of the communist system from the left. The members of the group wanted to have an impact on society with the help of art.

In 1972, Orfeo was attacked by the communist cultural leadership and critical articles were published in the central communist press. The accusations were focused on the alleged dissemination of hostile, Western ideology and the immoral lives of the members of the community. The author of the article in the journal of the Hungarian Young Communist League, entitled Hungarian Youth, condemned Malgot as the main guilty party, who allegedly wanted to cut children off from their parents and intended them to create a big family, a commune. He wrote that Malgot broke the rules of social coexistence. In the end, the prosecution did not penalize the members of the group, but they were banned from every community centre. István Malgot and Tamás Fodor got a notice indicating that they were being accused of spreading antisocial views.